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| tincupnecklaces.com | History of technology | Prehistoric times | Ancient Egypt, Papyrus | Tribal Europe, Germanic tribes | Ancient Greece, Alexandria and Archimedes | Ancient Roman technology | Ancient India |
Prehistoric times
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Although, by definition, no writing records were made in prehistoric
time, we can get some insight as to how the world, and its
mechanisms, was understood or interpreted by prehistoric man by
direct and indirect evidence. Direct evidence includes cave
paintings that were found in Spain and France, and some other
artistic works, for example the Venus of Willendorf. Other direct
evidence are bones (for example trepanation), mummies and ancient
tools. Despite the relative lack of direct evidence of knowledge
owned by prehistoric man, the surviving technologies of prehistory
may also be used to conjecture as to the understanding of the world
in that era. Survival was the first order of business; even today, with the great tsunami of 2004, Andaman Islanders remembered the advice of their forebears, took to the high ground, and survived the tsunami, as their ancestors have since time immemorial. These peoples recounted this knowledge to the crews of the rescue aircraft who were hovering over the Andaman Islands, after the aircraft were attacked by their arrows. |
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Although there is no written record of technological innovation for
some peoples or cultures, there is some evidence for their
achievements in exploration: for example, the Malay people spread
across the Malay archipelago, across the Indian ocean to Madagascar
and also across the Pacific ocean, which required knowledge of the
ocean currents, the winds, sailing, the movement of the stars,
celestial navigation, and star maps. The star maps were not made of
paper, but were lashed together with strings, sticks and shells.
Their outrigger ships were ocean-worthy, thousands of years ago,
well before the maritime technology of the West was capable of the
age of exploration. Before them, likely by hunting and gathering, the Indigenous Australians and the Native Americans followed the contours of the continents to populate their parts of the world - a journey of tens of thousands of kilometers, and which may have taken thousands of years. Prehistory (Greek words προ = before and ιστορία = history) is a term usually used to describe the period before written history became available. Paul Tournal originally coined the term Pré-historique in describing the finds he had made in the caves of southern France, and was used in French since the 1830s to describe the time before writing, then introduced into English by Daniel Wilson in 1851. The term became less meaningful in the 20th century as the boundary between history (strictly the written record) and other disciplines became less rigid and defined. Indeed today most historians rely on evidence from multiple sources, and the notion of limiting historical study to a 5000-year span (out of possibly millions of years of human existence) of only those few world cultures that left written records is no longer taken seriously. For example historians study the Celts, African civilizations, and North American civilizations, whose histories were, until recently, mainly oral--"prehistoric". Prehistory can be said to date back to the beginning of the universe itself, although the term is most often used to describe periods when there was life on Earth; dinosaurs can be described as prehistoric animals and cavemen are described as prehistoric people. Because, by definition, there are no written records from prehistoric times, the information we know about the time period is informed by the fields of paleontology, astronomy, biology, geology, anthropology, archaeology, indeed all the natural sciences. Human prehistory differs from history not only in terms of chronology but in the way it deals with the activities of archaeological cultures rather than named nations or individuals. Restricted to material remains rather than written records (and indeed only those remains that have survived), prehistory is anonymous. Because of this, the cultural terms used by pre-historians such as Neanderthal or Iron Age are modern, arbitrary labels, the precise definition of which are often subject to discussion and argument. The date marking the end of prehistory, that is the date when written historical records become a useful academic resource, varies from region to region. In Egypt it is generally accepted that prehistory ended around 3500 BC whereas in New Guinea the end of the prehistoric era is set much more recently, AD 1900. Until the arrival of humans, a geologic time scale defines periods in prehistory. Archaeology has augmented this record and provided more precise divisions during later, human, prehistory. Human prehistory in the Old World is often subdivided by the three-age system. This system of classifying human prehistory creates three consecutive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies. In the New World other naming schemes have been defined such as that listed in Archeology of the Americas. These very general systems of dividing up prehistory are being found to be increasingly inapplicable as archaeological discoveries suggest a much more complex view of prehistory. |
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| tincupnecklaces.com | History of technology | Prehistoric times | Ancient Egypt, Papyrus | Tribal Europe, Germanic tribes | Ancient Greece, Alexandria and Archimedes | Ancient Roman technology | Ancient India |