Ancient Roman technology

The civilization of Rome included technology for:

intensive agriculture
ironworking
laws providing for individual ownership
stonemasonry
road-building
military engineering
civil engineering
spinning and weaving
Because Rome was located on a volcanic peninsula, with sand which contained suitable crystalline grains, the concrete which the Romans formulated and invented was especially durable. Some of their buildings have lasted 2000 years, to the present day.

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The Romans understood hydraulics and constructed fountains and waterworks which were the hallmark of their civilization. The failure of the Roman baths in the city marked the end of Roman civilization. But some Roman baths, in England for example, have lasted to this day.

Roman technology is the set of artifacts and customs which supported Roman civilization and made the expansion of Roman commerce and Roman military possible over nearly a thousand years.

The Roman Empire had the most advanced set of technologies of their time, which in many areas was lost during the Early Middle Ages, and was only equaled in the 19th and 20th centuries. By the Renaissance many of the discrete technological elements had been rediscovered and others, such as firearms, advanced sailing ship technologies, and moveable type printing, went ahead of what the Romans had done. Yet, it took another four hundred years for Europe to produce inventions and engineering feats such as roads, aqueducts, sewage systems, wagons, cranes, bridges and mechanical devices which were equal to that of the Romans and on a large scale.

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Much of what is described as typically Roman technology, as opposed to that of the Greeks, comes directly from the Etruscan civilization, which was thriving to the North when Rome was just a small kingdom. The Etruscans had perfected the stone arch, and used it in bridges as well as buildings. Etruscan cities had paved streets and sewer systems, unlike most Hellenic city-states, which had muddy roads and no sewers save filthy open-air trenches.

A great part of later Roman technologies were taken directly from Greek civilization. Roman fleets were based directly on Greek triremes and much of the implements of land based Roman armies came out of the experimentation and the new developments in weapons of the Hellenistic wars that raged for decades between the successors of Alexander the Great. Most of the Greek city states abandoned the new weapons developed during these wars, reverting to simpler Macedonian arms and tactics of old, while the Romans took the newest developments and adapted them to their social forms.

Roman technologists were conservative and, relative to 21st century society, adopted foreign technologies very slowly over time. Roman culture and society did not encourage technological innovation or the development of new ideas. The ideal Roman citizen was an articulate veteran soldier who could wisely govern a large family household, which was supported by cheap slave labor. There was no place for innovators such as scientists, or their predecessors, the natural philosophers; nor were there provisions in Roman law for the development and preservation of innovation or the promotion of the work of inventors.

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The period in which technological progress was fastest and greatest was during the 2nd century and 1st century BCE, which was the period in which Roman power greatly increased. By the 1st century CE, Roman technology reached its peak and it would take nearly two thousand years for all of its technological advancements to be rediscovered by other civilizations. In this period, most of the typical Roman technology was invented and refined, such as: concrete, plumbing facilities, mechanized harvesting machines, domes, arches, wine and oil presses, ploughs and glass blowing.

It took more than a century for concrete to be adopted by the Romans, from its origin in a small corner of the eastern part of the empire. Many other new technologies never were fully used in the Empire, because of the relative scarcity of capital as well as older infrastructure and social issues. For example, Roman commerce was aware of the use of barrels by the Gauls for a long time, but they never integrated this technology, using instead the more fragile and small amphora. Barrels were eventually used in parts of the empire that had cheap and abundant wood to make them and the wider town and city alleys needed to make them efficient. By the time the knowledge on barrel-making crept into the empire, most of the older city roads and such things as warehouse entrances had been built up to handle the much smaller amphora. There simply was no physical room in the older urban areas to let the larger and unproven barrels through. There was usually enough trained slave labor around to carry each small amphora by hand, through the labyrinth of alleys, small doors, and stairs.

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Technology

History of technology

Prehistoric times

Ancient Egypt, Papyrus

Tribal Europe, Germanic tribes

Ancient Greece, Alexandria and Archimedes

Ancient Roman technology

Ancient India

Tribal