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Ancient India The Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization situated suitably, with a lot of resources, was a lesson in city planning and sanitation. One of the first examples of closed 'gutters', public baths, granaries etc. are seen here.

A panel found at Mohenjodaro, depicting a sailing craft. Vessels were of many types. Their construction is vividly described in the Yukti Kalpa Taru, an ancient Indian text on Ship-building.

The Takshashila University was an important seat of learning in the ancient world. It was the center of education for scholars from all over Asia. Many Greek, Persian and Chinese students studied here under great scholars - Kautilya, Panini, Jivaka, Vishnu Sharma.

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Indian construction and architecture called 'Vaastu Shastra' offered details and plans based on scientific principles like Strength of Materials, ideal height of construction, presence of adequate sources of water, light hence preserving hygiene. It is one of the first building science to be so all-inclusive.

The Yukti Kalpa Taru, compiled by Bhoja Narapati is concerned with ship-building. (The Yukti Kalpa Taru (YKT) had been translated and published by Prof. Aufrecht in his 'Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts').

Ancient Indian culture has always been diverse in its choice of spices, condiments and ornamental items, hence India was the origin of palm and coconut oil, indigo and other vegetable dyes and pigments like cinnabar. Many of the dyes were used in art and sculpture. The use of perfumes demonstrates some knowledge of the application of technologies used in chemistry, particularly in distillation and purification processes.

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The Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1700 BCE) was an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra River in what is now Pakistan and Northern India. Among other names for this civilization is the Harappan Civilization, in reference to its first excavated city of Harappa.
The Indus civilization was predated by the first farming cultures in South Asia, which emerged in the hills of what is now called Balochistan, to the west of the Indus Valley. North Eastern Balochistan is connected to Afghanistan by passes over the Toba Kakar Range. Valleys in Makran coast are open towards the Arabian Sea. Through these routes Balochistan was in contact with West Asia and took part in the so-called Neolithic Revolution, which took place in the Fertile Crescent around 9000 to 6000 BCE. The earliest evidence of sedentary lifestyle in South Asia, was discovered at Mehrgarh in the foothills of Brahui Hills. This settlement dated 7000 BCE and was located on the west bank of the Bolan River, about 30 kilometres from the town of Sibi.

These early farmers domesticated wheat and a variety of animals, including cattle. Pottery was in use by around 5500 BCE. It has been surmised that the inhabitants of Mehrgarh migrated to the fertile Indus river valley as Balochistan became arid due to climatic changes. The Indus civilization grew out of this culture's technological base, as well as its geographic expansion into the alluvial plains of what are now the province of Sindh and Punjab in contemporary Pakistan and Northern India.

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By 4000 BCE farming communities spread further east in other parts of Balochistan and Lower Sind. Later this culture reached to Upper Sind, Punjab and western states of India. The development of these farming communities ultimately led to urbanization. The mature phase of earlier village cultures is represented by Rehman Dheri and Amri. Kot Diji represents an intermediate phase towards Indus civilization, where the citadel represented centralized authority and a complexity of life which is evident by the scattered ruins of the city. Another town of this stage was found at Kalibangan in India on the Hakra River.

This distinctive, regional culture which emerged is called Pre-Harappan. (It is called Pre-Harappan because remains of this widespread culture are found in the early strata of Indus civilization cities.) Trade networks linked this culture with related regional cultures and distant sources of raw materials, including lapis lazuli and other materials for bead-making. Villagers had, by this time, domesticated numerous crops, including peas, sesame seeds, dates and cotton, as well as a wide range of domestic animals, including the water buffalo, an animal that remains essential to intensive agricultural production throughout Asia today.

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